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The Essence of Non-Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions

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Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin The Essence of Non-Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin Abstract:Non-traditionaI security issues have arisen since the 1 960s. especially after the end of the Cold War,and are becoming a major issue in world security and politics.This reflects tremendous changes jn the world situation.With diverse causes and plural referent Objects, non.traditionaI security issues cover nearly alI the problems in the world today and make development dificult to sustain.This raises the question of whether human society and the earth can suwive.Power politics one—sidedly stresses the role of power,endangering the harmonious development of nations and the whole of human society.It iS not at all conducive to the solution of non-traditionaI securiy itssues.The solution of non.traditional securiy itssues demands cooperation fr0m alI actors in the internationaI communiy.Multtiple means are needed to solve these issues. Equal dialogue between all the actors,which can easily be a ̄ained,will play an effective role,as long as all actors respect each other’S diferences. ecurity is one of the basic issues in contemporary world politics. Non.traditional security issues have emerged since the 1960s. especially after the end of the ColdⅥ These pose the most severe challenge to the contemporary WOrld.The rise of non—traditional security issues also serves as a warning to seek the harmonious development of human society.ThiS article studies the relationship between non—traditional security and world politics from a macro perspective,and analyzes the Dr.Huang Zhaoyu is an Associate Research Professor of CICIR.His research areas cover China’S relations with foreign countries,non—traditional security and Third World studies.Su Qin is a Ph.D candidate of he Schoolt of International Studies, Renmin University. C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions essence of non—traditional security issues and their solutions. I.Non-traditional security issues:a dilemma in transformation and development Non—traditional security issues,or non—traditional security threats or new security issues,stand in sharp opposiion tto tradiitonal security issues. Rather than security issues caused by military,political and diplomatic conflicts,it refers to security issues that nevertheless pose a treath to sovereign stateS and human survival and development.In short. non.traditional security refers to comprehensive security in the economic, cultural,scientific,social and environmental sectors,and is diferent from he poltitica1 and military sectors of traditional security.Thus non.traditional security Can be divided into economic security,financial securit ̄cultural securit ̄information securit ̄energy securit ̄food security,ecological security,public health security and social security,and SO on.The new prominence of non—traditional security is he tproduct of the remendous poltitical changes on the WOrld stage after he Cold tV, After he end of tthe Cold he ttwo—camp configuration ended The intemational community was temporarily directionless. With the advancement of economic globalization and material civilization, non.traditional security issues came into being.Just as the decrease of traditional military and poliitcal security means drtente between states。the rise of non—traditional security means the increase of contradictions between man and society,and between man and natre wiuthin a state, across and between states.Therefore。non—traditional security--in the context of globalization--becomes increasingly transnational,out—lowing fand inward.flowing.Wlorld political development is at a crossroads. Traditional security deals with war and peace. In contrast, non—traditional security concerns development and harmony,relating to harmonious development not only among various regions within a state nd between variaous regions and various countries in the world,but also mong variaous fields in the international community. CIR Nov /Dec.2009 29 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin Non—traditional security exerts both a positive and negative influence on world poliitcs.The positive influence iS chiefly reflected in the change in the concept of security.Non—traditional security has shifted nations’focus from competition towards mutual communication,seeking common ground nd cooperatiaon while reserving diferences between states.Common security is increasingly advocated.For individual counties.non—rtraditional securiy hast shifted the focus from military and political security towards economic,societal,environmental,and public security.Universal securiy tis stressed.Wim regard to the means of maintaining securiy,tthe preference for military power and warfare has been transformed into peacefu1 coexistence,dialogue and cooperation.Whereas in the past prime importance was attached to sovereign security wih tterritoril intaegrity and national uniy as itts core,now a growing importnce is atatached to healthy socil developmenta and the promotion of the people’S well—being.State centrism was the dominant ethos in the era of traditional security,but now humanism is on the rise n tihe non—traditional security era.Individual states nd tahe international communiy ast a whole ale more inclined to seek security through coordinated development and to use state security in the service of wider human securiy.t Since non.traditional security is transnational,out.flowing and inward—flowing,its threat sources are multiple and uncertain,and its referent objects are plraul,it has exerted a fr-areaching influence on intemational relations.Its primary influence is that it promotes the sociliazation of world politics.The increase of security referent oNects means an increase in political actors.As well as state actors,various non—state actors have come into existence and become active on world stage.The traditional central position of state actors has decreased.The interactions between state actors and between state actors and non—state actors have been extended to a variety of ielfds in the political life of he tinternational community.ThUS,a complex network of interdependence has taken shape.This more inter-connected world will gradually become one community and breed common value orientations on matters like sovereignty,individual rights and socil moraality.The negative influence exerted by non—traditional security issues is more prominent,posing a C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions severe challenge to the development of countries and of the whole world. The multiple causes,plural referent objects,broad referent fields and strong rheological property of non—traditional security encompass almost all the diicultf problems in the world.These dificulft problems can basically be divided into three categories.First,major issues in society, such as terrorism,regional riots,ethnic separatism,financil and aeconomic crises,drug trafficking,organized crime,illegal labor and immigration, money laundering,and computer hacking attacks.These issues involve political security,economic security,financial security,information security,and cultural security.Their emergence and continuance is to a 1arge extent the result of excessive centralization of power,bad governance,unfair allocation of interests,or imbalanced economic development.Second,major problems in the human population,such as HIV/AIDS.SARS and other infectious diseases.These problems concern public health security and socil securaity.The origin of these diseases is closely related to defects in human lifestyle,knowledge and attitudes about disease,and the level of medical technology available to deal with disease.Third,the relationship between Man and Nature,such as food and water shortages,exhaustion of oil resources,environmental pollution, ecological degradation,ozone holes in the atmosphere,climate change and acid rain.These problems involve the fields of environmentl securiaty, resources security.oil security,and water resources security.Their emergence and spread has been caused by the improper use and over-exploitation of natural resources. Non—traditional security issues produce seriOUS problems for development. Over-centralization of power leads to corrupt and undemocratic government;bad governance leads to unfair allocation of interests and a widening gap between the rich and poor;an unbalanced economy leads to economic growth at the expense of the environment nd asocial ustice.To solve these problems,individual countries and the international community as a whole need to strengthen their capabilities in policy—making,governance,control and coordination. Man and Natre aure facing a crisis of survival:we are confronting the question of whether humankind,the biological circle,and even the Earth ClR Nov ec.2009 31 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin itself Call survive.If people do not adjust their lifestyles,limit their instinctive desires.or make any breakthrough in curing diseases like AIDS, SARS and cancers.health problems leading to premature death will increase.As the world population increases rapidly,human consumption of natural resources will increase,resulting in shortages of such basic necessities as water and ood,and feven oxygen nd sunshine.a Non—traditional security recognizes that different countries around the WOrld share a single destiny.Non—traditional security is a comprehensive concept of human security.Non. ditional security issues arise from serious imbalances of development in the social,political and economic fields.particularly imbalances in social relationships.The problems of achieving harmoniOUS CO—existence between man and man,man and society, nd aman and nature are becoming more prominent.Non—traditional security is in essence the achievement of a balance between human instinct and human reason;it is coordinated and cooperative security in the course of comprehensive and sustainable development. As a survival threat,these non—traditional security issues re aobjective. However,they rea also subjective,in that n aactor’S perception of nd afear of the survival treath is alSO relevant.The recent prominence of non—traditional security issues is the result of“securitization.’’the process whereby the agent who is in command of security discourse chooses to dramatize or emphasize the importance of an issue,or seeks to make it an absolute priority by presenting it as a survival threat.By labeling something as an issue of security,an agent claims a right to deal with it by extraordinary means. As a result,existentil tahreat has for a long time been an importnta criterion to judge whether something is a security issue. During the securitization discourse,some issues that possess existential threat are labeled as“non.traditional security’’to distinguish them from traditional security issues. T}liS phenomenon has become widespread。 particularly since the end of the Cold Some states will politicize Ole Waver,“Securitization and Desecuriifzation,”in Ronnie D.Lipschutz(eds.), On Security,Columbia University Press,1995,PP.46・86.This is translated from the Chinese version. Barry Buzan,Ole Waver&Jaap de Wilde,Security,A New FramworkforAnalysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers,PP.26—27. 32 C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Securi ̄Issues and Their Solutions religions(Iran,Saudi Arabia,Myanmar).Iran will securitize culture.Some of these issues have moved dramatically out of the non.politicized category.We face a double question of whether they have been merely politicized or have alSO been securitized.The link between politicization and securitization.however,does not mean that securitization is invariably brought about by govemments;it is possible for other social entities to raise an issue to the level of general consideration or even to the status of sanctioned urgency.1 Man is the actor of historical activities.An problems in socil adevelopment,positive and negative,are caused by man.The above three categories of non traditional security are caused by humankind.The cause and aggravation or deterioration of the three categories of non.traditional security issues are caused by human errors in recognizing and coping with the following three pairs of relationships.They are the relations between human beings,between man and society,and between man nd anature. II.Power politics is vain Since non—traditional security issues relate to harmoniOUS development in nature,they are borderless and cannot be solved by any individual state alone.Consensus or tacit agreement must be reached between different actors;trust must be established between diferent nations and cultures;communication must be carried out between different regions,big or small;cooperation must be developed between various countries and organizations;global governance is needed.As non— traditional security issues affect multiple sectors,multiple means must be employed to cope with them,rather than relying solely on military power. If human populations coexist peacefully,and if man coexists wih natture, non—traditional security problems will gradually disappear from the earth. Non—traditional security issues have arisen from power politics. Discussions on how to solve the crisis of glObal survival have been initited abetween he tmajor countries and between the East and the Wlest. Specia1 importnce has baeen attached to the question of how humankind Ibid.,Security,A New Framworkfor Analysis,PP.23—25 CIR Nov./Dec.2009 33 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin can peacefully coexist.Many people around the world re yearning for an aideal found in Chinese traditional culture,“uniicatfion between man and nature.”This has generated a fresh interest in Chinese wisdom,and in particular a new wave of enthusiasm for Confucian studies.Fei Xiaotong said at the 1 0th anniversary of Sociology studies in Pel【ing University that “now the world is entering a global warring state on a much lrger scaale. T}liS era calls upon a new Confucius with a broader mind…The new Confucius should know not only his own nation,but alSO other nations and other religions.He should understnd tahe relationships between nations, between religions and between states with a higher level of mental attitude.’”In the spring of 2009,a scholar from the UK published an article discussing and commenting on world philosophers,both ancient and modern,Chinese and foreign,in hope of drawing inspiration and solace from them tO deal with he new tinafncil and aeconomic crises. The shortcomings of WOdd power politics are revealed in its negative impact on intemational relations.The goa1 of politics is to balance and govern various interest relations,to govern and contro1.“The nature of politics is mutual recognition and coordination of rational ightrs of various human populations.’’。In the international community,due to the absence of a supreme authoritative government,the“govemance’’of politics is expressed in the balance of the relations between power and interest.ThiS balance demands equal relations between states and peaceful coexistence. The seeking and use of power by a state re a ameans of political operation. The ultimate goal is to seek interest.Power should be subordinated tO and serve the fundamental interest of a state:security and development,with public welfare as the core.Power politics is part of international poliics,a tlower level of political operation.Power-seeking by a state should be confined to a reasonable scope:that is,it should meet domestic development goals to serve state security and the people’S welfare while being conducive to peaceful coexistence and friendly cooperation with 费孝通:‘‘孑L林片思——在‘北京大学社会学十年’纪念会上的讲话”,《读书》, 1992年第9期。 Ben Macintyre,“Great Minds Think Differently,”The Times,March 23,2009. 秦亚清:“从权力政治走向权利政治”,《世界经济与政治》,2005年第5期。 34 C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions other states as wel1.If a state blindly seeks power,it is to misapply its hard and soft power that could be used instead to upgrade its national economy and raise its people’S livelihood;it may endanger security and development in its own country and in other countries.Such power- seeking will trigger both domestic opposition and external restraint,thus fuelling conflicts between states and endangering world peace.Although endangering international relations and the harmoniOUS development of the intemational community,the act of power-seeking promotes the use of power politics,strengthening an illusion that the law of the jungle is the normal stndard ian he tinternational community. KennethⅥ tz said that “if aJl sides are keen to seek power,a warring state appears.If all countries Want to ensure their own securiy,a warrting state also appears.” While focusing on a computer analysis of“balance of power'’systems,Morton KaNan discovered that‘‘if the pattern behavior of one of the actors has changed to seek unlimited capacity,the whole system will be become unstable.”He quoted the typical example:from 1800 to 1945,tWO notable power seekers in the world.Napoleon and Hilter-failed. Likewise, degradation of ecological systems,environmental pollution,exhaustion of resources and survival security have arisen because of a disruption of he tbalance between man and nature. ditional relations between human beings,and between man and nature,are in essence master-slave relations. It is this inequalitv that results in mutual impairment. In the academic circle,the mainstream views on power poliics itn international relations and international politics are those of realism and neo.1iberalism.These hold that a state will seek unlimited power and benefit.’ThiS view of power politics emphasizes the wickedness of man [美】熊达著、余逊达、张铁军译:《无状态与世界秩序》,浙江人民出版社, 2001年,第217页。This is translated from the Chinese version. 【美】莫顿・卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,世纪出版集团和 上海人民出版社,2008年,2005年版作者序第4页。This is translated rfom the Chinese version. [美】詹姆斯・多尔蒂著,阎学通、陈寒溪等译:《争论中的国际关系理论》(第5 版),世界知识出版社,2003年;倪世雄等:《当代西方国际关系理论》;【美】 罗伯特・吉尔平著,宋新宁、杜建平译:《世界政治中的战争与变革》,世纪出 版集团和上海人民出版社,2007年。 CIR Nov./Dec.2009 35 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin while ignoring the goodness of mail and man’s restraint of evil.1]he one—sidedness of this analysis makes it diiculft for it to approach the truth. It iS not the right approach to solve the diiculft contemporary issues of development in he tworld. From its origin,the kernel of power politics has been that man seeks lla benefits that Can be materialized into power.ThiS arises from human nature.Man iS a highly developed animal with bOth natural and socil aattributes.Human nature iS a mixture of goodness and evil and they act upon each other.Man pursues materia1 and instinctive enjoyment yet alSO possesses the power of reason.As history and materialization developed, the excessive seeking of power and benefit has distorted man’s primary characteristics,breeding ugliness,contradictions,conflicts and isasters.d The key to solving non—traditional security issues is to regulate the wickedness of man and to restrain the power—seeking of states.For a long time,statesmen and scholars have been exploring and practicing a way of 1ife controlled by reason.Philosophers and the religious circles urge people tO control instinct by reason.Mengzi,an ancient Chinese thinker, proposed two thousand years ago that man was born with four moral characteristics:benevolence,iustice,courtesy,and wisdom.Man would lose these moral characteristics if he didn’t maintain or develop them by practice. The Roman emperor MarCUS Aurelius believed that“the things re tahree of Which thou art composed,a little body,a little breath(1ife), nd iantelligence.Of these the first two are thine,SO far as it is thy duty t0 tke caare ofthera;but he tthird alone is properly tine…ahnd ifthou shalt strive to 1ive only what is really hy tlife,that is,the present,then thou wilt be able tO pass that portion of life Which remains for thee up to the time of thy death,free from perturbations,nobly,and obedient to hy own tdaemon (to the god that is within thee).” 111iS view is similr taO Christian, Buddhist and Taoist thinking that man is composed of soul and lesh.wifth 《孟子・公孙丑・第6章》。 【古罗马]马可・奥勒留著,何怀宏译:《沉思录(Meditations))),编译出版 社,2008年,第199.200页。 36 C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions soul in the dominant position. Eckhart Tolle.a German thinker recognized hat“when you ltive through the mind-made self comprised of thought and emotion that is the ego,the basis for your identity is precarious because thought and emotion are by their very nature ephemeral,fleeting.So every ego is continuously struggling for survival, trying to protect and enlarge itself.To uphold the I-thought,it needs the opposite thought of‘the other.’The conceptual‘I’cannot survive without the conceptual‘other.’The others are most other when I see them as my enemies.At one end of this scale of hits unconscious egoic pattern lies the egoic compulsive habit of fault—indifng and complaining about others…At the other end of the scale,there is physical violence between individuals and warfare between nations…Because when I criticize or condemn another,it makes me feel bigger,superior.” In political practice,various counties arnd the international community have been tyirng to restrain the pursuit of power,with some success.A state’S demand for peace and order is in itself a restraint of the pursuit of power.In the contemporary world,a series of new collective actions to restrain the use of force,to reduce the depletion of natural resources,to promote peace—keeping and consultation and establish cooperative mechanisms are efforts made by the international community to circumscribe the pursuit of power.This is a reflection of human reason, n examplae of goodness restraining wickedness.All these efforts are conducive to bringing peace and harmony between human beings and between man and nature. heoretiTcally,such restraint develops simultaneously with human civilization.Countries and the international community desire peace and order.This yearning in itself is a basic restraint to power-seeking.It originates from the social character of human beings.As a higher level of 《圣经・创世纪》;张爱林:“佛教看生命世界的构成”,《世界宗教文化》,2008 年第l期;陈霞:“形神俱妙一道教身体观的现代阐释”,《哲学动态》,2005 年第4期;释心田:《图解佛教生死书:破解生命轮回的》,百花洲文艺 出版社,2009年。 【德】埃克哈特・托尔著,张德芬译:《新世界:灵性的觉醒》,南方出版社,2008 年,第47页。ECKHART TOLLE,A NEW EARTH:Awakening to Your Life Purpose. CIR Nov./Dec.2009 37 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin anima1.man’s sociaI character determines that man lives in a normal world. Social norms are specific implementations of rational restraint.Their fundamentl approaches aare as follows:using goodness to regulate evil; and using the common demands of the society as a whole to regulate individual desires SO as to reconcile the two.Due to the absence of authoritative government and coercive laws,rules and regulations,the international society needs to go back to primeval reason and constitute norms that Can widely be accepted bv all sides.Due to the lack of coercion, the norms of the international society are like social contracts.They Can play their intended role of promoting goodness and regulating wickedness only by meeting the expectations of he tvarious contractors and taking into account the interest requirements of the diferent parties.The mutual relationship between subjects,and between subjects and objects,should be bidirectional and mutually beneficia1.ThiS is the issue of justice in nature. Just as the justiifcation of political authority is determined by justice,the feasibility of social norms is determined by the justification of norms. These norms should ensure that each individual person is treated iusfly and in a non.arbitrary way. One of the requirements of justice is to meet genuine needs.Needs possess a dual nature:subjective and objective. 0biective needs are indispensable to survival and development.In intemational politics or domestic politics,ordinary norms believe that heste needs are genuine and should be met.Subjective needs are psychological needs,emotional goals.These needs are bottomless and do not have any connection with survival and development in real life.There is no logic to satisfying these kinds of needs either in international or domestic politics.It is legitimate for a state to seek power as a security need based on survival and development.However,it is obviously illegitimate and unjustified to seek unlimited power at he texpense of other counties’irnterests.Nevertheless,since ancient times。some states have blindly sought power and expansion.They were rapped tby the isguided mcompulsion of subjective power and deviated from the track of genuine need.Scholrsa of international relations and international politics ought to David Miller,Political Philosophy:A Very Short Introduction,Oxford University Press,2003,pp.74—81. 38 C侬V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon-Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions analyze power politics in a comprehensive and objective way,dilectaically distinguishing the differences between legitimacy and non—ightrfulness in te hpursuit of power,and not misidentifying subjective power-seeking as objectively justiifed. III.The value of dialogue is universal Non—traditional security issues touch upon almost all sectors。Thev result from the tremendous changes in the socia1.political and economic changes in the world.Although traditional military security and political security still occupy an importnta position, economic securit, yenvironmental securit,resources securyity,ecological security and human security have become increasingly prominent and even outweigh military security in some regions at certain times.Security cooperation between counties arnd between diferent sectors has become increasingly close. Various new non—state actors have appeared to address the global problems in non—radittional security.The relationships between actors are plural and multi—layered and thus cooperation Can be difficult.Since these actors are so many and various,the norms in traditional intemational relations such as the principle of sovereignty,equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence do not fit their goals.Therefore,there is a need to construct new international norms.Dialogue can be the fundamental norm of conduct. Dilogue is me basias of all social activities.It is usually in the interactive pattern of discourse—listening.The rational principle of social interaction and expectation from the outcome of discourse require dialogue to be liberal and equa1.In the context of globalization, international interaction becomes unprecedentedly complex,especilly afacing the seriOUS challenges of the cross..border spread of non..traditional security threats. Intemational actors are eager to strengthen communication and tO increase understndiang SO as to construct a basis of cooperation.Therefore,extensive dilogue between actaors has become increasingly indispensable and more urgent than in any previous period. Tl1iS dialogue between international actors should adhere to the principles cIR Nov./Dec.2009 39 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin of openness,liberty and equality.Openness requires that any actor Can be the subject of dialogue,any issue can be he ttopic for discussion.Liberty means that a speaker Can say whatever he wishes.Equality means that speaker and listener respect each other and treat equally with each other. Dialogues are not genuine if the participants set up prerequisites concerning the participants or subjects of a dilaogue,or a speaker only talks to himself and refuses to listen to others.In that case,effective communication,mutual understanding and consensus cannot be achieved. To cope with non—traditional security issues,there must be communication,understanding,mutual respect and cooperation.Dialogue Call e bhe fundamentatl approach ofinteraction among plural actors in the international community.Dilogue does nota need any prerequisite. Wihoutt prerequisites,all participants are willing to participate in the dialogue,exchange equivalent information and share common knowledge. Dilogue can respecta differences and bridge discrepancies in order tO reach mutual understanding and build mutual confidence and mutual identity.111e prominence of non—traditional securiy is causitng various counties rnd various aactors in various regions to intertwine to constitute a community of destiny.An urgent need for dilogue has ariasen between unicming,seeking common ground,proposing various actors for commcountermeasures.With the spread of globalization and advances in modem science and technology,the world has become like a small village.The far comers of the world can freely exchange information and material and cultural products.Collective dilogue baetween intemational actors is far morefeasiblethanbefore. Priority should be given tO those issues that are genuinely a major challenge.Some non—radittional security issues do not pose a survival threat at all,either at the macro一,medium—or micro—leve1.Other threats re purelay regional,and are not SO serious as to endanger the survival or development of the whole country or the whole world.Ethnic and religious issues in social security are dificult to define because their referent objects are so broad and have an independent‘‘collective identity,’’and caution is needed in deciding whether these issues pose an “existential threat.”For example,domestic disturbances,ethnic separatism, C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Security Issues and Their Solutions environmental deterioration,organized crime,drug trafficking and even international terrorism have existed for a long time and do not pose a genuine security threat to the state.However,they can spread easily and are dificulft tO eradicate.For instance。the separatist movement in Chechnya has colluded with Islamic extremists forces.The East Turkestan Islamic Movement has plotted a series of terrorist incidents in Central Asia and the Xinjing Uygura Autonomous Region,and has tired to cultivate popularity in the name of pan—Islamism and pan—Turkism.After the 9/1 1 incident contradictions between 舱stern Christian culture and non—Wlestern Islamic culture have become prominent.as discussed in the Clash of Civilizations written by US political scientist Samuel Huntington. This clash of civilizations is objective.but more important is its subiective element,namely the treath identity posed by the other civilization to the self civilization. Refugee problems exist in many countries,but are not serious enough to endanger the survival of the state.Many of the refugee problems will be alleviated when political stability returns to their home countries.Other issues such as shortage of resources,including shortage of oil,food,and water resources.are temporary and liited.The solutmion to such problems ightm be aided by military means,but must rely chiefly on non—military means,including political conciliation,economic growth,trade expansion and technological progress.111e more we rely on military force.the less secure we fee1.1 Some non—traditional security issues are of potential treath in a certain space,but the referent objects might lead to competition or even confrontation among security actors,depending on the various extents to which they are involved and the diferent security concerns of he partties who re ainvolved. Security cooperation between diferent subjects should meet the following requirements.Policy—makers should tke ianto account the overall situation,and show insight in taking decisive and correct P H Liotta and James F Miskel;,“Redrawing the Map of the Future,'’Worm Policy Journal,Spring 2004,P.15. Security:A New Framework for Analysis,PP.1 8—24.(Chinese version,《新安全 论》,朱宁译,浙江人民出版社,2003年)。 CIR Nov ec.2009 41 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin measures.TIlis is typical of the approach to environmental security.Some regional problems have a global influence;for instance,a few countries with very high carbon dioxide emissions have triggered global wanning, melting of the ice.caps and sea—level rises.but these countries are not the ones most directly affected by the change in sea leve1.Conflicts will naturally occur between those countries that cause sea—level rises and those that suffer the damage from hem.Otther global problems may cause particulrlay serious damage in certain regions;for instance,the ozone hole in the atmosphere above the South Pole.In environmentl securaity, referent objects at the micro level Can be endangered species such as tigers and whales;at the middle level,diferent types of habitat such as rain forests and lakes;and at he macro lteve1.the maintenance ofthe planetary climate and biosphere.Most of these referent obiects concern the relationship between the human species and the rest of the biosphere. These threats are mostly exaggerated.AU these threats Can be securitized. he environmentT itself has become a security referent obiect.as environmental degradation has brought chains of damage to the biosphere and to economic development,posing a potentil tareath tO the survival of humankind.V撕OUS environmental groups such as Green Peace and eco—terrorists regard the“sustinabiality’’of the environment in the same way as state sovereignty and national identity.Humankind as a whole Can be seen as a referent object in relation to environmentla disasters such as a new ice age or collisions between the earth and one or more of the many large bodies that occupy near-earth space. A strategic field of vision, sound iudgment and skillful coordination are needed to cope with such issues. To cope with such non—tradiionatl security issues.new non—state actors are constantly arising.Dialogues have increased and the role of dilogue has become more important.The mosta extensive dialogues are exchange visits and consultations between both government oficifals and non—govemmental organizations or individuals.These are important supplements to formal diplomatic contact.In 1993.the clash of A New FrameworkforAnalysis,P.23 ‘Security."A New Framewo ̄forAnalysis,P.38 ".1 Security42 C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Securi ̄Issues and Their Solutions civilizations proposed by Samuel Huntington produced huge repercussions around the world,some positive,but mostly negative.The positive influence was that it prompted various counties and the intrernational community to ponder how to avoid a clash of civilizations,inspiring a dialogue on civilization or a dialogue between civilizations.China has launched a series of bilaterla strategic diloguesa with major world powers such as Russia,France,Japan,the USA,India and Australia.These dialogues have become amongst the most importnta between state actors. In the multilaterla arena,dialogue has also become he tmajor mechanism for cooperation.ThiS is very obvious in regions where political mutual confidence is absent and where there are too many actors wih large tdifferences in interest.In East Asia.dilogue betaween ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea(10+3),dialogue between ASEAN and China, Japan and South Korea separately(10+1),and cooperation dialogues between China,Japan and South Korea(the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dilogue)are iancreasingly active.With China’S mediation,the Six—Party S were launched in 2003.In Europe,NATO and Russia began requent fdialogues in the framework of bilateral Permanent Joint Council and later he dialogue was upgraded to 20 mechatnism of‘‘equal partnership’’in 2002.In February 2009.the EU Commission claimed to begin strategic dialogue with Russia.With regard to North.South relations,the Group of Eight began high—level talks with the developing countires(emerging economies)in June 2003 to discuss major issues in world economy, climate change, energy securit ̄ infectious diseases, and African development.The United Nations has alSO played an important role in promoting dialogues.In 1998,on the initiative of Iranian President Seyyed Mohammad Khatami.the UN General Assembly unanimously agreed to proclaim 200 1 the year of dialogue between civilizations.UN Secretary—General KOfi Annan set up a diverse group of eminent persons tO advance the effort.Various forms of dialogue between different civilizations were instigated.This is clear evidence of the necessity and feasibility of dialogue. Dialogue plays an irreplaceable role in increasing understanding, 蔡德麟、景海峰主编:《文明对话》,清华大学出版社,2006年,第25.69页。 cIR Nov./Dec.2009 43 Huang Zhaoyu Su Qin bridging diferences and reaching consensus.Dialogue encourages diferent actors to be open to the other party,recognizing the diversity of objective existence and the pluralism of subjects.Through dilogue,an aactor learns that his world is alSO the other’S world.The benefits of the world should be shared by everyone and the problems should be solved by every one through consultation.Dialogue serves as a mirror image, enabling actors to have a better knowledge of themselves.Dialogue enables various actors to listen to each other’S ideas and viewpoints,to make a comparison and to make a self-examination.Accepting others’ viewpoints adopting others’opinions promotes understanding and consensus.Dialogue can also awaken a sense of common responsibility,a sense of mission.Dialogue is an open exchange of communication, requiing courtresy,mutual respect,sincerity and frankness.It enables participants to reveal their emotions.thoughts and demands in a transparent way,and to forge rational restraints on their desires SO as to create a harmonious atmosphere for discussion.A desire tO make such valuable exchange and consultation permanent results in the establishment of cooperative mechanisms.Dialogue usually enables a stalemate relationship tO move forward.For instance.Israel and Palestine did not recognize each other for a long time,and tis resulhted in fierce conflicts. Since the 1 993 peace agreement and the opening of dialogue with third party mediation tension between the two sides has been reduced.In 1996, Taiwan leader Lee Teng—hui visited the US.damaging Sino—US relations. Exchanges between China and the US at lla levels were cut short.In early spring of 1996,Wang Daohan,President of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Strait,paid a private visit to America,successfully launching the“Track Two”Dilogue betaween China and the US,a non—governmental dialogue which avoided the inconvenience of diplomatic formalities and played a positive role in promoting the restoration of igh—lhevel political exchanges between the two sides. A dialogue cannot succeed if the participants set prerequisites or refuse tO recognize each other.For instance,in the Cold period.the 胎St opposed communism and the East opposed capitlism Botah are extreme expressions of a refusal tO recognize the other.Similarly,in the C V01.19 No.6 The Essence ofNon—Traditional Securi ̄Issues and Their Solutions North Korean nuclear crisis,the US and North Korea do not trust each other.The US used to list North Korea as a member of the“Axis of Evil” and made it one of its targets for a nuclear strike on the basis of suspicions that North Korea was building nuclear facilities. Individual persons.states and nations are diverse in nature.That is the basis of the vitality of human society.Diversity means differences. Though it may bring contradictions and conflicts,it alSO leads various actors to learn from each others’strong points to overcome their own weaknesses.Hegemony,power politics and unilateralism seek to impose sameness,with the excuse that diferences bring contradictions and conflicts.Such efforts are doomed to failure.Non.traditional security threats reflect all imbalance in relations between man and man,and between man and nature.If mankind Wants to prevent diferences from developing into conflicts and instead make differences into the motive force of common development,the best approach is to carry out extensive, in—depth dilogues between various actors in order to achieve acommunication,understanding,respect and cooperation. Self-isolation, mutual denil,mutaual disrespect,or“the law of the jungle’’go against he tgoodness of man and the social nature of mankind.The trend of WOrld politics is the liberation of the social nature of mankind and of the development of the relationship between man and nature.Dilogue is aneeded to achieve understnding and cooperataion SO as to eliminate security threats,to achieve a universal conllnon security. (translated by Zhao Jinfu) 潘光: 文明的冲突’与文明的对话一 在联合国文明联盟名人小组多哈会 lO日。 议上的讲演”,《文汇报》,2006年6月 一ClR Nov./Dec.2009 45 

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